Perspectivas sobre el agua de lastre: la metagenómica como una prioridad apremiante
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51660/ridhs12183Palabras clave:
Metagenomics, Ballast waterResumen
La metagenómica representa un avance fundamental en la genómica, ya que ofrece conocimientos sin precedentes sobre un espectro diverso de microorganismos, incluidos bacterias, virus y hongos, que antes eran difíciles o imposibles de estudiar fuera de los entornos naturales. Sus aplicaciones abarcan un rango notable, desde la exploración de entidades cósmicas hasta las profundidades de nuestros océanos, incorporando numerosos análisis. Sin embargo, su utilización en el contexto del análisis del agua de lastre sigue siendo escasa. Esto destaca el quid de la presente revisión, que tiene como objetivo mostrar la necesidad de la metagenómica en el análisis del agua de lastre. Como es sabido, el agua de lastre es esencial para mantener la estabilidad de los buques en condiciones sin carga o durante condiciones climáticas adversas, con movimientos globales diarios estimados entre 3 y 10 mil millones de toneladas. Un solo buque de carga a granel puede transportar hasta 60.000 toneladas de agua de lastre para una carga de 200.000 toneladas. Se estima que más de 7.000 especies son transportadas diariamente en todo el mundo en el agua de lastre de los barcos, lo que plantea importantes riesgos ecológicos cuando estos organismos se descargan en nuevos entornos donde pueden convertirse en especies invasoras, alterando los ecosistemas locales, las economías y la salud humana. A pesar de que la Organización Marítima Internacional estableció directrices estándar D-2 y respaldó varias prácticas de gestión del agua de lastre para su descarga segura, el problema persiste. Esto subraya la necesidad de emplear la metagenómica para mejorar el seguimiento del contenido microbiano en el agua de lastre. La revisión resume algunas investigaciones realizadas en todo el mundo para analizar el agua de lastre mediante metagenómica, y todas exhiben diversos microbios, incluidas potentes formas bacterianas y virales patógenas. Los hallazgos respaldan nuestra opinión y hacen de la metagenómica una herramienta invaluable para monitorear la efectividad del tratamiento del agua de lastre de conformidad con las regulaciones ambientales en evolución. Aunque los desafíos que enfrentan las aplicaciones metagenómicas (es decir, el costo, la complejidad y la necesidad de bases de datos de referencia integrales) son importantes, seguramente serán superables a la luz de los continuos avances tecnológicos y metodológicos. Adoptar la metagenómica ofrece un camino no solo para abordar las amenazas ecológicas que plantean las transferencias de agua de lastre, sino también para salvaguardar el futuro de las industrias navieras mundiales.
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